Plants respond to changing environmental conditions, and electrical signals are among the earliest physiological responses detected during biotic and abiotic stress. Yet, how these signals are generated and linked to plant function remains incompletely understood. In this review, we bring together knowledge of electrical signals reported under environmental stress. We discuss their characteristics, proposed mechanisms and connections with calcium signalling and defence responses. We also examine how advances in electrophysiology and bioelectronics are opening new possibilities for studying plant electrical activity. A better understanding of plant electrical signalling could support plant phenotyping and early stress detection in agriculture, as electrical responses can precede visible changes. However, challenges remain, including the interpretation of electrical transients, tissue-specific recordings and the lack of standardised approaches. We highlight opportunities for advancing plant electrophysiology and understanding electrical communication in plants.
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